Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, histoire et biographie de Hegel. In 1817, Hegel published The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline as a summary of his philosophy for students attending his lectures at Heidelberg. [127] Kaufmann has argued that as unlikely as it may sound, it is not the case that Hegel was unable to write clearly, but that Hegel felt that "he must and should not write in the way in which he was gifted".[128]. In 1788 he entered the Tübinger Stift, a Protestant Seminary, and became roommates … The State is "objective spirit" so "it is only through being a member of the state that the individual himself has objectivity, truth, and ethical life" (section 258). p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. Furthermore, in Hegel's language the "dialectical" aspect or "moment" of thought and reality, by which things or thoughts turn into their opposites or have their inner contradictions brought to the surface, what he called Aufhebung, is only preliminary to the "speculative" (and not "synthesizing") aspect or "moment", which grasps the unity of these opposites or contradiction. [59]:4, At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. The terminology was largely developed earlier by Fichte. "[57][58], Hegel was born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, capital of the Duchy of Württemberg in southwestern Germany. [108] He espouses that "God is not an abstraction but a concrete God [...] God, considered in terms of his eternal Idea, has to generate the Son, has to distinguish himself from himself; he is the process of differentiating, namely, love and Spirit". Voegelin, Eric (1972). For other uses, see, Articles related to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Bern (1793–1796) and Frankfurt (1797–1801). In Reason and Revolution (1941), Herbert Marcuse made the case for Hegel as a revolutionary and criticized Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse's thesis that Hegel was a totalitarian. So he, too, sometimes spoke of God and, more often, of the divine; and because he occasionally took pleasure in insisting that he was really closer to this or that Christian tradition than some of the theologians of his time, he has sometimes been understood to have been a Christian. He determined ontology as absolute logic; he assembled all the delimitations of philosophy as presence," later remarking that Hegel is thus "the last philosopher of the book and the first philosopher of writing," indicating the relation of Hegel to post-structural thought by stating "if there were a definition of Différance, it would be precisely the limit, the interruption, the destruction of the Hegelian dialectical synthesis wherever it operates. [94] In his Phenomenology of Spirit and his Science of Logic, Hegel's concern with Kantian topics such as freedom and morality and with their ontological implications is pervasive. [141] The physicist and philosopher Ludwig Boltzmann also criticized the obscure complexity of Hegel's works, referring to Hegel's writing as an "unclear thoughtless flow of words". Late 20th-century literature in Western Theology that is friendly to Hegel includes works by such writers as Walter Kaufmann (1966), Dale M. Schlitt (1984), Theodore Geraets (1985), Philip M. Merklinger (1991), Stephen Rocker (1995) and Cyril O'Regan (1995). Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? (Hegel has been seen in the twentieth century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad,[34] but as an explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Hegel further attests that God (as Jesus) not only died, but "[...] rather, a reversal takes place: God, that is to say, maintains himself in the process, and the latter is only the death of death. And debates about the nature of logic were intertwined with competition to inherit the mantle of Kant and with it the future direction of German philosophy. Like Plato, with his dualism of soul versus bodily appetites, Kant pursued the mind's ability to question its felt inclinations or appetites and to come up with a standard of "duty" (or, in Plato's case, "good") which transcends bodily restrictiveness. For this reason, Hegel's Logic begins with the summum genus, "Being, pure Being," ("and God has the absolutely undisputed right that the beginning be made with him"[83]) from which are derived more concrete concepts such as becoming, determinate being, something, and infinity. It profoundly impacted many future philosophical schools, including those opposed to Hegel's specific dialectical idealism, such as existentialism, the historical materialism of Marx, historism and British Idealism. [107] His thoughts on the person of Jesus Christ stood out from the theologies of the Enlightenment. "[40], Hegel's work has been considered the "completion of philosophy"[41][42][43] by multiple of the most influential thinkers in existentialism, post-structuralism, and twentieth-century theology. Regarded from the standpoint of division or disunion, its potential Being is for it an Other, and it itself is natural will; it is divided within itself, and this division is so far its feeling or consciousness of a contradiction, and there is thus given along with it the necessity for the abolition of the contradiction. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. Auf den ersten Blick scheint darin eine Fokussierung zu liegen. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Né le : 27/08/1770 Décédé le : 14/11/1831. It was perfectly legitimate in Hegel's eyes for a conqueror, such as Napoleon, to come and destroy that which was not fully realized. Beginning in the 1960s, Anglo-American Hegel scholarship has challenged the traditional interpretation of Hegel as offering a metaphysical system: this has also been the approach of Z. His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion and philosophy. In this manner, a solution that is reached in principle in the account of "true infinity" in the Science of Logic's chapter on "Quality" is repeated in new guises at later stages, all the way to "Spirit" and "ethical life" in the third volume of the Encyclopedia. Pinkard doesn't have a lot to work with in terms of human drama. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. These friendships clearlyhad a major influence on Hegel’s philosophical development, andfor a while th… This period saw the publication of his second major work, the Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik; 3 vols., 1812, 1813 and 1816), and the birth of his two legitimate sons, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1813–1901) and Immanuel Thomas Christian (1814–1891). [149] This concept of Hegel as a hermetic thinker was elaborated by Glenn Alexander Magee,[150] who argued that interpreting Hegel's body of work as an expression of mysticism and hermetic ideas leads to a more accurate understanding of Hegel. Here, Hegel published his Philosophy of Right (1821). [119] However, Hegel's manuscript "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" suggests that Hegel was concerned about the perceived decline in myth and enchantment in his age, and he therefore called for a "new myth" to fill the cultural vacuum. The particular is never complete in itself, but in its quest to find completion continually transforms into more comprehensive, complex, self-relating particulars. [59][77] His last words are said to have been, "There was only one man who ever understood me, and even he didn't understand me. There, Hölderlin exerted an important influence on Hegel's thought. To the contrary, the fundamental notion of Hegel's dialectic is that things or ideas have internal contradictions. God rises again to life, and thus things are reversed". Principal of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1953–66. "Rezension des Aenesidemus" ("Review of Aenesidemus"), This term is actually quite rare in Hegel's writings. Kant had maintained that, whereas orthodoxy requires a faith in historical facts and in doctrines that reason alone cannot justify and imposes on the faithful a moral system of arbitrary commands alleged to be revealed, Jesus, on the contrary, had originally taught a rational morality, which was reconcilable with the teaching of Kant’s ethical works, and a religion that, unlike Judaism, was adapted to the reason of all people. His studies at the Gymnasium concluded with his Abiturrede ("graduation speech") "Der verkümmerte Zustand der Künste und Wissenschaften unter den Türken" ("The abortive state of art and scholarship in Turkey").[59]:16[61]. During this period, he composed the text which has become known as the Life of Jesus and a book-length manuscript titled "The Positivity of the Christian Religion". [62] Sharing a dislike for what they regarded as the restrictive environment of the Seminary, the three became close friends and mutually influenced each other's ideas. Finite things do not determine themselves because, as "finite" things, their essential character is determined by their boundaries over against other finite things, so in order to become "real" they must go beyond their finitude ("finitude is only as a transcending of itself").[95]:145. One of the founders of modern philosophical thought Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) has gained the reputation of being one of the most abstruse and impenetrable of thinkers. For discussion of the various schools of Hegelian thought, see Hegelianism. Although Hegel began his philosophizing with commentary on the Christian religion and often expresses the view that he is a Christian, his ideas are not acceptable to some Christians even though he has had a major influence on 19th- and 20th-century theology. His influence has been as fertile in the reactions that he precipitated—in Søren Kierkegaard, the Danish existentialist; in the Marxists, who turned to social action; in the logical positivists; and in G.E. In October, 1788 Hegel began studies at a theological seminary in Tübingen, the Tüberger Stift, where he became friends with the poet Hölderlin and philosopher Friedrich Schellin… as a mystic and hermetic thinker. Press. They both know their obligations and choose to fulfill them. Hegel was now able to free himself from the domination of Kant’s influence and to look with a fresh eye on the problem of Christian origins. At the age of eighteen, Hegel entered the Tübinger Stift (a Protestant seminary attached to the University of Tübingen), where he had as roommates the poet and philosopher Friedrich Hölderlin and the future philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. Translator of Hegel's. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Johan Ludvig Heiberg: Philosopher, Littérateur, Dramaturge, and Political Thinker. An individual's "supreme duty is to be a member of the state" (Elements of the Philosophy of Right, section 258). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. "On Hegel—A Study in Sorcery", in J. T. Fraser, F. Haber & G. Muller (eds. W. Marx, Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes. [63] They watched the unfolding of the French Revolution with shared enthusiasm. To this list, one could add Proclus, Meister Eckhart, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Plotinus, Jakob Böhme, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [147], Isaiah Berlin listed Hegel as one of the six architects of modern authoritarianism who undermined liberal democracy, along with Rousseau, Claude Adrien Helvétius, Fichte, Saint-Simon and Joseph de Maistre. Gintinkangan niya han Hegelianismo nga bahin han Aleman nga Ideyalismo. [95]:146 Rather than stress the singularity of each factor that complements and conflicts with the others, the relationship between finite and infinite (and particular and universal, and nature and freedom) becomes intelligible as a progressively developing and self-perfecting whole. He formulated an early philosophical example of a disenchantment narrative, arguing that Judaism was responsible both for realizing the existence of Geist and, by extension, for separating nature from ideas of spiritual and magical forces and challenging polytheism. [59]:2–3, 745 Hegel's mother, Maria Magdalena Louisa (née Fromm), was the daughter of a lawyer at the High Court of Justice at the Württemberg court. Hegel's system is often presented in the form of a Sierpiński triangle due to his tendency to group concepts by triads. This means that Jesus, as the Son of God, is posited by God over and against himself as other. [59]:548 Early the following year, Hegel's sister Christiane committed suicide by drowning. In accounts of Hegelianism formed prior to the Hegel renaissance, Hegel's dialectic was often characterized as a three-step process, "thesis, antithesis, synthesis"; a "thesis" (e.g. Hegel was putting the finishing touches to it, The Phenomenology of Spirit, as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on 14 October 1806 in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georg-Wilhelm-Friedrich-Hegel, The Basics of Philosophy - Biography of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Hegel's categories are, in part, carried over from his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Hegel died in 1831. Hegel est un philosophe allemand qui a construit un immense système ordonnant toutes les connaissances de l’époque.Il est probablement le philosophe le plus complexe à lire, nous vous présentons donc une introduction sur sa philosophie qui s’efforce de …